During the period 2000-2013, vestibular science increasingly treats balance disorders as multisystem problems tied to perception and action. Clinically, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo management matured with guideline-influenced canalith repositioning and recognition of multifactorial quality-of-life consequences, particularly in elderly populations and in multicenter practice patterns. Diagnostic frameworks, including international vestibular classifications, advanced detection through novel signs (such as pseudo-spontaneous nystagmus) and canal-based strategies, promoting standardized assessment. Theoretical work uncovered that vestibular perception and action rely on partially distinct neural processing streams, distinct from classic vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways, guiding new rehabilitation models that integrate perceptual-motor training. Historical Significance: The period marks a shift toward viewing vestibular function as a perceptual-motor integration problem, with robust evidence for dissociation between perception and reflexive eye movements during tilt and translation. Cross-period studies revealing cortical plasticity and cross-modal substitution in chronic vestibular failure informed rehabilitation approaches and neuro-otology models. Finally, the development of a structured diagnostic interview for migraine-related vestibular symptoms and standardized BPPV guidelines established enduring clinical practices shaping future research and patient care.